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Expert knowledge on PCB design, manufacturing, assembly and industry trends. Stay updated with the latest technical advancements.

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What is the industry threshold for copper roughness and when is it unacceptable?

Copper roughness threshold depends on frequency. ED copper fails above 10GHz; HVLP (Rz<1.5μm) mandatory for 28GHz; HVLP‑4 (Rz<0.5μm) required for 224G. Includes measured loss data, verification methods, and selection tables.

2026-06-01

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HVLP vs VLP vs ED copper: measured insertion loss comparison at 28 GHz

Measured insertion loss at 28GHz: ED copper (0.75‑0.82 dB/in), HVLP (0.48‑0.53 dB/in). Skin depth at 28GHz is 0.33µm. Switching from ED to HVLP reduces loss by ~0.27 dB/in – enough to close or open a PAM4 eye.

2026-05-31

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What is HVLP copper and why is it mandatory for mmWave?

At 77GHz, skin depth is 0.23µm – standard ED copper adds 0.4dB/cm extra loss. HVLP copper (Ra<0.6µm) is mandatory for mmWave radar, 112G backplanes, and AI servers. Learn physics, generations, and manufacturing controls.

2026-05-30

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Why do PTFE laminates delaminate and how to prevent it?

PTFE laminates delaminate due to poor surface treatment, CTE mismatch, moisture outgassing, or incompatible bondplies. Learn contact angle verification, lamination profiles, and material selection to prevent reflow failures.

2026-05-23

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